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Guerra dos Cem Anos
Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
Guerra dos Cem Anos
Hundred years war collage.jpg
De cima, da esquerda para a direita: Batalha de La Rochelle; Batalha de Azincourt; Batalha de Patay e Joana d'Arc no Cerco de Orleães.
Data 1337 – 1453
Local França e Países Baixos
Desfecho Vitória francesa decisiva e consolidação da Monarquia na França
Mudanças territoriais A Casa de Valois garante o controle de toda a França, menos Pas-de-Calais
Beligerantes
Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg Reino da Inglaterra
Arms of Llywelyn.svg Principado de Gales
Blason region fr Aquitaine.svg Ducado da Aquitânia
Blason fr Bourgogne.svg Ducado da Borgonha
Blason region fr Bretagne.svg Ducado da Bretanha[1]
Armoiries Portugal 1247.svg Reino de Portugal
Blason Royaume Navarre.svg Reino de Navarra
Blason Nord-Pas-De-Calais.svg Condado da Flandres
Hainaut Modern Arms.svg Condado de Hainaut
CoA Pontifical States 02.svg Estados Papais Blason France moderne.svg Reino da França
Blason Nord-Pas-De-Calais.svg Condado da Flandres
Blason fr Bourgogne.svg Ducado da Borgonha
Blason Castille Léon.svg Coroa de Castela
Blason region fr Bretagne.svg Ducado da Bretanha[2]
Royal arms of Scotland.svg Reino da Escócia
Blason Lorraine.svg Ducado da Lorena
Armoiries Gênes.svg República de Gênova
Armoiries Jean de Luxembourg superseding.svg Reino da Boêmia
Aragon arms.svg Coroa de Aragão
Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Majorca and the Balearic Islands (14th-20th Centuries).svg Reino de Maiorca
CoA Pontifical States 02.svg Papado de Avinhão
Comandantes
Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg Eduardo III (1337-1377)
Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg Ricardo II (1377-1399)
Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg Henrique IV (1399-1413)
Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg Henrique V (1413-1422)
Royal Arms of England (1470-1471).svg Henrique VI (1422-1463) Arms of the Kings of France (France Ancien).svg Filipe VI (1337-1350)
Arms of the Kings of France (France Ancien).svg João II (1350-1364)
BlasonIledeFrance.svg Carlos V (1364-1380)
BlasonIledeFrance.svg Carlos VI (1380-1422)
BlasonIledeFrance.svg Carlos VII (1422-1453)
A Guerra dos Cem Anos foi uma série de conflitos travados de 1337 a 1453 pela Casa Plantageneta, governantes do Reino da Inglaterra, contra a Casa de Valois, governantes do Reino da França, sobre a sucessão do trono francês. Cada lado atraiu muitos aliados para a guerra. Foi um dos conflitos mais notáveis da Idade Média, em que cinco gerações de reis de duas dinastias rivais lutaram pelo trono do maior reino da Europa Ocidental. A guerra marcou tanto o auge da cavalaria medieval quanto seu subsequente declínio e o desenvolvimento de fortes identidades nacionais em ambos os países. Depois da Conquista Normanda, os reis da Inglaterra eram vassalos dos reis da França para suas posses em solo francês. Os reis franceses se esforçaram, ao longo dos séculos, para reduzir estas posses, no sentido de que apenas a Gasconha fosse deixada para os ingleses. A confiscação ou a ameaça de confisco deste ducado faziam parte da política francesa para controlar o crescimento do poder inglês, particularmente quando os ingleses estavam em guerra com o Reino da Escócia, um aliado da França.
Por intermédio de sua mãe, Isabel da França, Eduardo III da Inglaterra era o neto de Filipe IV da França e sobrinho de Carlos IV da França, o último rei da linha principal da Casa dos Capeto. Em 1316, foi estabelecido um princípio que negava a sucessão das mulheres ao trono francês. Quando Carlos IV morreu em 1328, Isabel, incapaz de reivindicar o trono francês para si, reivindicou-o para seu filho. Os franceses rejeitaram o pedido, sustentando que Isabel não podia transmitir um direito que ela não possuía. Por cerca de nove anos (1328-1337), os ingleses haviam aceitado a sucessão de Valois ao trono francês, mas a interferência do rei da França, Filipe VI, na guerra de Eduardo III contra a Escócia permitiu a Eduardo III reafirmar sua reivindicação ao trono francês. Várias vitórias esmagadoras inglesas na guerra - especialmente em Crecy, Poitiers e Agincourt - levantaram as perspectivas de um triunfo inglês definitivo. No entanto, os maiores recursos da monarquia francesa impediram uma conquista completa. A partir de 1429, decisivas vitórias francesas em Patay, Formigny e Castillon concluíram a guerra a favor da França, com a Inglaterra perdendo permanentemente a maior parte de suas principais possessões no continente.
Historiadores comumente dividem a guerra em três fases separadas por tréguas: a Guerra da Era Eduardiana (1337-1360); a Guerra Carolina (1369-1389); e a Guerra de Lancaster (1415-1453). Os conflitos locais nas áreas vizinhas, que estavam contemporaneamente relacionados com a guerra, incluindo a Guerra da Sucessão Bretã (1341-1364), a Guerra Civil de Castela (1366-1369), a Guerra dos Dois Pedros (1356-1375) em Aragão e a Crise de 1383–1385 em Portugal, foram aproveitados pelas partes para fazer avançar as suas agendas. Posteriormente, os historiadores adotaram o termo "Guerra dos Cem Anos" como uma periodização da historiografia para abranger todos esses eventos, construindo o mais longo conflito militar da história europeia.
A guerra deve seu significado histórico a múltiplos fatores. No final, os exércitos feudais haviam sido largamente substituídos por tropas profissionais e o domínio aristocrático cedera à democratização da mão-de-obra e das armas dos exércitos. Embora primeiramente um conflito dinástico, a guerra deu o ímpeto às ideias do nacionalismo francês e inglês. A introdução mais ampla de armas e táticas suplantou os exércitos feudais onde a cavalaria pesada tinha dominado. A guerra precipitou a criação dos primeiros exércitos permanentes na Europa Ocidental desde a época do Império Romano do Ocidente e assim ajudando a mudar seu papel na guerra. Com relação aos beligerantes, na França, guerras civis, epidemias mortais, fomes e mercenários reduziram a população drasticamente. As forças políticas inglesas ao longo do tempo vieram a opor-se à arriscada aventura. A insatisfação dos nobres ingleses, resultante da perda de suas terras continentais, tornou-se um fator que levou às guerras civis conhecidas como Guerras das Rosas (1455-1487).[3] Índice
1 Antecedentes
1.1 Reino da França
1.2 Os atritos
2 Principais batalhas
3 Desenrolar da guerra
3.1 Primeiro período (1337 - 1364)
3.2 Segundo período (1364 - 1380)
3.3 Terceiro período (1380 - 1422)
3.4 Quarto Período (1422 - 1453)
4 Consequências
5 Reis durante a guerra
6 Ver também
7 Referências
7.1 Bibliografia
8 Ligações externas
Antecedentes
Reino da França
A Europa em 1430, na última fase da Guerra dos Cem Anos.
No início do século XIV, o reino da França, drenado por grandes bacias fluviais e desfrutando de um clima favorável para a agricultura, estava florescendo, com seus 17 milhões de habitantes,[4][5] a primeira potência em termos demográficos da Europa. A sociedade agrícola baseia-se em um sistema feudal e religioso muito hierarquizado. A produção agrícola é capaz de alimentar a população (não havia mais fome desde o século XII[6]) e necessita da nobreza para defender a terra.[7]
O clero desempenha um importante papel social na organização da sociedade. Os clérigos são alfabetizados e têm habilidades na aritmética e gestão das instituições; os religiosos administram organizações de caridade[8] e escolas[9] onde somando-se com os feriados religiosos, o número de feriados chega a 140 por ano.[10]
Os atritos
Historiograficamente é registrada entre 1334 a 1452. As suas causas remotas prendem-se à época em que o duque da Normandia, Guilherme, o Conquistador, apoderou-se da Inglaterra em (1066). Desde Guilherme, os monarcas ingleses controlavam extensos domínios senhoriais em território francês, ameaçando o processo de centralização monárquica da França que se esboçava desde o século XII. Durante os séculos XII e XIII, os soberanos franceses tentaram, com crescente sucesso, restabelecer a sua autoridade sobre esses feudos.[carece de fontes]
No século XII, o rei Henrique II da Inglaterra se casou com Leonor da Aquitânia e, segundo as tradições feudais, tornou-se vassalo do rei da França nos ducados da Aquitânia (Antiga Guiena, Guyenna ou Guyenne) e Gasconha. Desde então, as relações entre os reis da Inglaterra e França foram marcadas por conflitos políticos e militares. Isso culminou na questão da soberania sobre a Gasconha. Pelo Tratado de Paris (1259), Henrique III de Inglaterra abandonara as suas pretensões sobre Normandia, Maine, Anjou, Touraine e Poitou, conservando apenas a Gasconha. Os constantes conflitos vinham pelo fato do rei inglês, que era duque da Gasconha, ressentir-se de ter de pagar pela região aos reis franceses e de os vassalos gascões frequentemente apelarem ao soberano da França contra as decisões tomadas pelas autoridades inglesas na região.[carece de fontes] João II de Valois condecora cavaleiros. miniatura do século XV, na Biblioteca Nacional da França.
As influências francesa e inglesa em Flandres (atual Bélgica e Países Baixos) eram também opostas, pois os condes desse território eram vassalos da França e, por outro lado, a burguesia estava ligada economicamente à Inglaterra. Além do intenso comércio estabelecido na região, Flandres era importante centro produtor de tecidos, que consumia grande parte da lã produzida pela Inglaterra. Essa camada urbana vinculada à produção de tecidos e ao comércio posicionava-se a favor dos interesses ingleses e portanto, contra a ingerência política francesa na região. Resolveram, flamengos e ingleses, estabelecer uma aliança, que irritou profundamente o rei da França, também interessado na região. Com muita sabedoria, eles obedeceram à nova lei pública na Europa, portanto estavam numa crise de guerras Europeias.[carece de fontes]
O estopim dos conflitos se deu com o problema sucessório resultante da morte do terceiro e último filho de Filipe IV, o Belo, Carlos IV, em 1328. Entre os possíveis sucessores estavam: o rei inglês Eduardo III, da dinastia Plantageneta, sobrinho do falecido monarca pelo lado materno, detentor dos títulos de duque da Aquitânia e conde de Ponthieu (na região do canal da Mancha); e o nobre francês Filipe, conde de Valois, sobrinho de Filipe IV, o Belo, pertencente a um ramo secundário da família real. As pretensões dos dois foram examinadas por uma assembleia francesa que, apoiando-se na lei sálica, segundo a qual o trono não poderia ser ocupado por um sucessor vindo de linhagem materna, inclinou-se para o candidato nacional, aclamando o sobrinho, Filipe de Valois, com o título de Filipe VI. O rei inglês não discutiu a decisão, reconhecendo Filipe VI em Amiens em 1329.[carece de fontes] Retrato do monarca inglês Eduardo III.
O Conde de Nevers, regente de Flandres desde 1322, prestou juramento de obediência ao seu suserano Filipe VI, decisão que poderia paralisar a economia flamenga. Eduardo III, após a intervenção de Filipe VI em Flandres apoiando o conde contra os amotinados flamengos, suspende as exportações de lãs. A burguesia flamenga forma um partido a favor do rei de Inglaterra, incitando-o a proclamar-se rei de França. Assim, Eduardo III, instigado por Jacques Artervelde - rico mercador que já havia liderado uma rebelião na cidade flamenga de Gante - e temendo perder o ducado francês de Ducado da Aquitânia - mantido como feudo de Filipe VI -, repudiou o juramento de Amiens e alegou a superioridade de seus títulos à sucessão.[carece de fontes]
Os franceses acusavam os ingleses de desenvolverem uma política expansionista, percebida pelos interesses na Aquitânia e em Flandres. Já os ingleses insistiam em seus legítimos direitos políticos e territoriais na França. Embora tenham ocorrido crises anteriores, em geral, a data de 24 de maio de 1337 é considerada como o início da guerra: nesse dia, após uma série de discussões, Filipe VI, cônscio da grave ameaça que representava para os seus domínios a existência de um ducado leal à coroa inglesa, apoderou-se de Aquitânia. Eduardo respondeu imediatamente: não reconheceu mais "Filipe, que dizia ser rei da França", e ordenou o desembarque de um exército em Flandres. Iniciava-se a Guerra dos Cem Anos. A situação se deteriorou diante do auxílio francês à independência da Escócia nas guerras que Eduardo III e o seu pai haviam iniciado contra os reis escoceses para ocupar o trono desse país.[carece de fontes]
Principais batalhas
A Batalha de Castillon.
Entre os episódios mais importantes do conflito citam-se:
A Batalha de Sluys (1340);
A Batalha de Crécy (1346);
A Batalha de Calais (1347);
A Batalha de Poitiers (1356);
A Batalha de Cocherel (1364);
A Batalha de Azincourt (1415);
O Cerco a Orléans (1429);
A Batalha de Jargeau (1429);
O Cerco de Paris (1429);
A Batalha de Meung-sur-Loire (1429);
A Batalha de Patay (1429);
A Batalha de Formigny (1450);
A Batalha de Castillon (1453).
Desenrolar da guerra
A guerra dividiu-se por quatro períodos: o primeiro entre 1337 e 1364, o segundo entre 1364 e 1380, o terceiro entre 1380 e 1422, e o quarto entre 1422 e 1453.[carece de fontes]
Primeiro período (1337 - 1364)
Uma das primeiras batalhas da guerra dos cem anos ocorreu em Sluis, perto de Bruges, hoje na Bélgica. Nesse conflito, a frota anglo-flamenga derrotou a francesa. Miniatura da Batalha de Sluys do livros de crônicas de Jean Froissart (século XIV).
Iluminura de um manuscrito do século XV representando Batalha de Crécy.
Filipe VI exerceu intenso assédio ao litoral inglês durante meses, até ser derrotado em 1340. As hostilidades começaram seriamente com a batalha naval de Sluys, além do rio Escalda, em 1340, onde a frota inglesa foi vitoriosa. Eduardo III tentou conquistar a França, vencendo grande parte dos combates em Crécy-en-Ponthieu (1346), Calais (1347). As duas vitórias inglesas garantiram a Eduardo III importantes posições no norte da França, mantendo o canal da Mancha sob seu controle. Para tanto o rei da Inglaterra contou com o apoio financeiro de grandes mercadores de Flandres e do duque da Bretanha, que voltou-se contra o monarca francês. O avanço e a conquista inglesa só não foram maiores porque após a batalha de Crécy, ocorreu a chamada "Peste Negra", que dizimou praticamente um terço da população europeia. A peste foi responsável por interromper a guerra.[carece de fontes] miniatura medieval mostrando a Batalha de Poitiers (1356).
Vários anos depois, quando se retomaram os combates, Eduardo III havia conquistado o apoio do rei de Navarra, Carlos II, e a inestimável ajuda militar de seu filho Eduardo, o príncipe de Gales, conhecido como o príncipe negro (por conta da cor de sua armadura). Esse período foi caracterizado por sucessivas vitórias inglesas, contando com o apoio de muitos nobres locais, mais preocupados em preservar seus domínios do que com a lealdade devida ao rei da França, possibilitando o domínio de cerca de um terço do território francês nas regiões norte e oeste. O Príncipe Negro conseguiu tomar como prisioneiro o sucessor de Filipe, João II, o Bom na Batalha de Poitiers (1356), e posteriormente, exigiu resgate por sua libertação. Uma insurreição popular (Jacquerie) complicou as coisas: revoltados com a miséria, os camponeses se lançavam contra os senhores feudais, enquanto a burguesia de Paris, indignada pelas calamidades da guerra e liderada por Étienne Marcel, clamava por mudanças políticas. O filho de João, o Bom, o futuro Carlos V, atendeu as questões internas e negociou a paz com Eduardo III. Em 1360, o Tratado de Brétigny, ratificados em Calais, deu a Eduardo um considerável número de territórios na França (Calais e todo o sudoeste francês) em troca do abandono de suas reivindicações ao trono francês.[carece de fontes]
Segundo período (1364 - 1380)
Carlos V, o Sábio.
A morte de João II (1364), que permanecera em mãos dos ingleses, marcou o recrudescimento das hostilidades, pois seu filho Carlos (1364-1380), que o sucedeu no trono francês com o nome de Carlos V, negou-se a respeitar os tratados firmados em 1360. Dessa vez os franceses atacaram com êxito o inimigo pois a França desfrutava de uma melhor posição.[carece de fontes]
Sob Carlos V, os franceses, graças a unificação de seus exércitos, recuperaram boa parte do território meridional do Reino da França. Neste período destacou-se o condestável francês Bertrand Du Guesclin, cavaleiro valente e notável militar que organizou as famosas "campanhas brancas" (sistema de guerrilhas). A luta se estendeu a Castela, com a França apoiando o candidato à coroa, Dom Henrique, contra Dom Pedro aliado da Inglaterra. As vitórias do monarca francês, fruto da reorganização militar, fortaleceram a ideia de centralização política, possibilitou submeter a maior parte da nobreza, aumentar a arrecadação tributária e organizar o Estado com elementos oriundos da burguesia em cargos de confiança.[carece de fontes]
Em 1377, com escassos meses de distância entre um e outro, faleciam o príncipe de Gales e Eduardo III. O sucessor do trono inglês era o neto do monarca falecido, Ricardo II, de apenas dez anos de idade. A morte do monarca da França Carlos V, em 1380, esfriou o ânimo dos franceses.[carece de fontes]
Terceiro período (1380 - 1422)
Nas últimas décadas do século XIV e as décadas iniciais do século seguinte foram marcadas pelas disputas internas nos dois países, arrefecendo momentaneamente a guerra externa.[carece de fontes]
No caso da Inglaterra, o reinado de Ricardo II, investido do poder assim que alcançou a maioridade (1389), viu as hostilidades praticamente cessarem. Porém, ocorreram rebeliões camponesas lideradas por Wat Tyler, contra a servidão, e posteriormente as disputas envolveram parte da nobreza, que lutou contra o rei, e culminou com a ascensão de Henrique de Lencastre ao trono, em 1399, com o título de Henrique IV.[carece de fontes]
Na França, as lutas internas foram mais complexas e envolveram os interesses da região da Borgonha, antigo feudo poderoso, que lutou constantemente por seus interesses particulares. Em 1380, quando os ingleses nada mais ocupavam senão Calais e a Aquitânia, morreu Carlos V na França, abrindo caminho para a ascensão do herdeiro Carlos VI, o Insensato, de doze anos. Houve uma série de disputas pelo poder, que culminou com a cisão da nobreza francesa em dois partidos: os armagnacs, partidários da família de Orléans, e os borguinhões, partidários dos duques de Borgonha. Em considerando Carlos VI como incapaz, os Borguinhões pretenderam tomar o poder e, após várias derrotas, aliaram-se aos ingleses. Ao lado da família real ficaram o irmão do rei, Luis de Orléans e Bernardo de Armagnac. Nesta guerra civil, destacaram-se João Sem Medo da Borgonha e o Delfim Carlos. O monarca inglês Henrique V.
Batalha de Azincourt em miniatura do século XV.
A retenção inglesa de Calais e Bordeaux, no entanto, impediu a paz permanente. Na França, a evidente incapacidade mental do rei, Carlos VI, desencadeou acirradas disputas pelo trono entre seus irmãos. A eclosão da guerra civil na França (luta entre Armagnacs, partidários dos Orléans, e os Borguinhões, partidários do duque de Borgonha), além da loucura do rei Carlos VI, animou o novo rei inglês, Henrique V, a insistir em suas reivindicações no tocante ao trono francês (invocando a lei sálica). Henrique V, primo de Ricardo II, assumira a coroa em 1413.[carece de fontes]
A guerra civil e a loucura do rei Carlos VI permitiram novas conquistas dos ingleses. Em 1415, Henrique V desembarcou na Normandia, invadindo e tomando Harfleur. Neste mesmo ano, travou-se a batalha de Agincourt (ou Azincourt), num terreno em que a chuva transformara num atoleiro. A orgulhosa cavalaria francesa foi massacrada e milhares de nobres franceses pereceram. Seguiu-se a ocupação de Paris (1415), da Normandia (1419) e de outras regiões no norte da França, obrigando a assinatura da paz, com a cumplicidade de Isabel da Baviera. O Tratado de Troyes (1420), que garantia a Inglaterra todo o norte do país (inclusive Paris) e, o mais grave, forçou Carlos VI a deserdar do trono seu filho, o Delfim Carlos VII. Henrique V casou-se com a princesa Catarina, filha de Carlos VI, ficando com o direito de herdar o trono.[carece de fontes]
Depois do assassinato de João Sem Medo, duque de Borgonha e um dos contendores na guerra civil da França, Henrique V aliara-se ao filho do duque, Filipe, o Bom. A união teve sucesso e até 1422 o rei inglês e o novo duque de Borgonha controlaram todo o território francês ao norte do Loire, incluindo Paris e a Aquitânia.[carece de fontes]
Naquele ano, morreram tanto Carlos VI quanto Henrique V, o que faz com que as duas coroas (a da França e da Inglaterra) fossem herdados por Henrique VI, que ainda era uma criança recém nascida. Dois barões ingleses encarregaram-se da regência: o Duque de Badford se ocupou da França e o Duque de Gloucester passou a administrar a Inglaterra. Carlos VII, o Delfim, assumiu a realeza em Bourges. Assim, a França encontrava-se dividida em dois reinos: nos territórios do norte, governava o rei inglês, apoiado pelos borguinhões; nos poucos territórios do sul, reinava o francês Carlos VII, com o apoio dos armagnacs.[carece de fontes]
Quarto Período (1422 - 1453)
A França em 1435
O Delfim, porém, instalara-se no vale do Loire e dali passou a liderar a resistência francesa aos invasores. É nesse momento que aparece em cena uma camponesa mística e visionária de Domrémy: Joana d'Arc, que conseguiu desarmar uma conspiração para matar o soberano. Os regentes do ineficaz Henrique VI foram perdendo o controle dos territórios conquistados para as forças francesas, sob a liderança de Joana d'Arc.[carece de fontes]
Com a França em perigo Joana d'Arc organizara um exército completamente diferente dos exércitos feudais. Guerra era assunto para nobres e homens em geral. Seu exército era liderado por uma mulher camponesa. Os exércitos feudais lutavam por seu senhor e seu feudo. O de Joana d'Arc era um exército nacional, que lutava pela França e por seu rei. Os franceses, agora, sentiam-se integrantes de um país. A ideia de nação estava lançada.[carece de fontes] Coroação de Carlos VII na Catedral de Reims, segundo as antigas tradições.
Joana d'Arc conseguiu do Delfim um exército de aproximadamente cinco mil homens e libertou a praça forte de Orléans (1429). Essa vitória fez Filipe, o Bom, abandonar seus aliados ingleses e aceitar a autoridade de Carlos VII. Depois conquistou Reims, no norte do país, onde Carlos VII foi coroado segundo as antigas tradições. Carlos VII, aproveitando as discórdias da Guerra das Duas Rosas na Inglaterra, empreendeu eficaz reestruturação militar que culminará com a conquista da Aquitânia em 1453.[carece de fontes]
Em 1430, aprisionada pelos borguinhões, Joana D'Arc foi entregue aos ingleses, em Compiègne. Foi julgada herética por um tribunal eclesiástico e queimada na fogueira, em 1431, em Rouen (ou Ruão).[carece de fontes]
O impulso, entretanto, estava dado. Os franceses, incentivados pelo martírio de Joana d'Arc, bateram os ingleses em Formigny (1450), tendo conquistado a Normandia e grande parte da Gasconha. O fim da guerra é marcado pela batalha de Castillon, em 1453, quando foi capturada a cidade de Bordeaux, o último reduto inglês. Isto significou, efetivamente, o fim da guerra, e desde então os ingleses mantiveram apenas Calais, que conservaram até 1558. Eles foram forçados a voltar sua atenção aos assuntos internos, principalmente às guerras das Rosas e desistiram de todas as reivindicações sobre a França. Nenhum tratado foi assinado de forma a assinalar o fim das hostilidades. A rivalidade anglo-francesa, no entanto, ainda perduraria por muito tempo.[carece de fontes]
Consequências
O fim da guerra marcou o encerramento de um longo período de instabilidade interna na França que havia começado na Conquista Normanda (1066), quando Guilherme o Conquistador adicionou o termo "Rei da Inglaterra" aos seus títulos oficiais, se tornando um vassalo (através do Ducado da Normandia) e um igual (como Rei da Inglaterra) ao Rei da França.[11]
Quando a guerra acabou, a Inglaterra foi privada de suas posses continentais, deixando apenas no controle de Calais. O conflito destruiu o sonho inglês de firmar uma monarquia conjunta pelo continente e levou a rejeição de "tudo que é francês" na Inglaterra, embora a língua anglo-normando francês, que era usado como língua franca pela nobreza e no comercio, mantivesse alguma influência no inglês. De fato, em 1362, o inglês foi feito como o idioma oficial do país e o francês deixou de ser ensinado a partir de 1385.[11]
O sentimento patriótico nacional sentido durante a guerra acabou unificando tanto a Inglaterra quanto a França. Apesar da devastação causada no seu solo, a Guerra dos Cem Anos acelerou o processo de transformação da França de uma monarquia feudal para um Estado centralizado.[12] Na Inglaterra, os problemas financeiros e políticos que emergiram com a derrota foi um dos catalisadores que levaria a Guerra das Rosas (1455–1487).[13]
O historiador Ben Lowe (1997) argumenta que a oposição a guerra dentro da Inglaterra ajudou a moldar a cultura política moderna britânica. Apesar de movimentos antiguerra e pró-paz normal não terem tido muito impacto e normalmente falharem em influenciar acontecimentos naquela época, eles acabaram tendo algum impacto, ao menos em retrospecto. A Inglaterra passaria a mostrar uma certa aversão para conflitos que não atendiam aos interesses nacionais, sofrendo grandes perdas em retorno por um enorme fardo econômico. Comparando a análise do custo-benefício do conflito dos ingleses com os franceses, levando em conta que ambos os países sofriam com líderes fracos e soldados indisciplinados, Lowe nota que os franceses entendiam as nuances da guerra necessários para expulsar uma força de ocupação estrangeira do seu país. Além disso, os reis franceses encontraram meios alternativos de financiar a guerra – impostos sobre vendas, degradando da cunhagem – e estavam mais independentes do que os ingleses a respeito dos impostos passados pelas legislaturas nacionais. Os críticos anti-guerra na Inglaterra tinham assim mais com o que trabalhar do que os franceses.[14]
A peste bubônica e guerras constantes reduziram a população de todos os beligerantes pela Europa durante este período. A França perdeu quase metade de sua população durante a guerra.[15] A Normandia viu quase três-quartos de seus habitantes morrerem e Paris dois-terços.[16] A população da Inglaterra foi reduzida em 22% a 33% devido a peste negra.[17]
A Guerra dos Cem Anos viu uma rápida e abrangente evolução no campo bélico. Armas, táticas, estrutura militar e social viram grandes mudanças como resposta as demandas do conflito e as lições aprendidas das vitórias e derrotas. Foi durante a guerra que o sistema feudal começou a se desintegrar já que para organizar melhor a guerra, surgiu a necessidade de um governo mais centralizado e um Estado com instituições mais eficientes.[18]
Reis durante a guerra
nascimento - começo de reinado - morte
Reis da França Reis da Inglaterra
Luís IX (1214 - 1226 - 1270) Henrique III de Inglaterra (1207 - 1216 - 1272)
Filipe III de França (1245 - 1271 - 1285) Eduardo I de Inglaterra (1239 - 1272 - 1307)
Filipe IV de França (1268 - 1285 - 1314) Eduardo II de Inglaterra (1284 - 1307 - 1327)
Luís X de França (1289 - 1314 - 1316) Eduardo III de Inglaterra (1312 - 1327 - 1377)
João I de França (1316 - 1316 - 1316) 5 dias Ricardo II de Inglaterra (1367 - 1377 - 1399) Neto
Filipe V de França (1291 - 1316 - 1322) Tio Henrique IV de Inglaterra (1367 - 1399 - 1413) Neto de Eduardo III
Carlos IV de França (1295 - 1322 - 1328) Irmão Henrique V de Inglaterra (1387 - 1413 - 1422)
Filipe VI de França (1293 - 1328 - 1350) Neto de Filipe III Henrique VI de Inglaterra (1421 - 1422 - 1461)
João II de França (1319 - 1350 - 1364)
Carlos V de França (1337 - 1364 - 1380)
Carlos VI de França (1368 - 1380 - 1422)
Carlos VII de França (1403 - 1422 - 1461)
Ver também
História da Inglaterra
História da França
Referências
A Casa de Montfort dos Bretões apoiavam a Inglaterra
A Casa de Blois dos Bretões apoiavam a França
Anne Curry (2002). The Hundred Years' War. 1337-1453. [S.l.]: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-269-2
(em francês) L'enfance au Moyen Âge : la ville, Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Página acessada em 11 de abril de 2010.
(em francês) L’affirmation du pouvoir royal (XII°-XV° siècles), IUFM de Créteil. Página acessada em 11 de abril de 2010.
Michel Balard, Jean-Philippe Genet et Michel Rouche 2003, p. 222-223
Michel Kaplan et Patrick Boucheron 1994, p. 89-90
Marie-Thérèse Lorcin,Des Restos du cœur avant la lettre, Historia Thématique N°65: Un Moyen Âge inattendu páginas 48 a 51
Colette Beaune,Petite école, grand ascenseur social, Historia Thématique N°65: Un Moyen Age inattendu páginas 42 a 47
Jean-Michel Mehl,Près de cent quarante jours chômés par an, Historia Thématique N°65: Un Moyen Age inattendu páginas 58 a 64
Janvrin, Isabelle; Rawlinson, Catherine (6 de junho de 2016). The French in London: From William the Conqueror to Charles de Gaulle. Traduzido por Emily Read. [S.l.]: Wilmington Square Books. ISBN 978-1-908524-65-2
Holmes Jr., U. & Schutz, A. (1948). A History of the French Language revised ed. Columbus, OH: Harold L. Hedrick
Webster, Bruce (1998). The Wars of the Roses. London: UCL Press. ISBN 978-1-85728-493-5
Lowe, Ben (1997). Imagining Peace: History of Early English Pacifist Ideas. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-01689-4.
Turchin, P. (2003). Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall. [S.l.]: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11669-3
Ladurie, E. (1 de fevereiro de 1987). The French Peasantry 1450–1660. Traduzido por Alan Sheridan. [S.l.]: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05523-0
Neillands, R. (8 de novembro de 2001). The Hundred Years Wa2ndion=revised. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26131-9
Preston, Richard; Wise, Sydney F.; Werner, Herman O. (1991). Men in arms: a history of warfare and its interrelationships with Western society (5ª ed.). Beverley MA: Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc. ISBN 978-0-03-033428-3.
Bibliografia
(em francês) Balard, Michel; Genet, Jean-Philippe e Rouche, Michel. Le Moyen Âge en Occident, Hachette, 2003, 352 p. ISBN 9782011455406
(em francês) Boucheron, Patrick e Kaplan, Michel. Le Moyen Âge, XIe - XVe siècle, Bréal, 1994, 397 p. ISBN 9782853947329
Ligações externas
O Commons possui uma categoria com imagens e outros ficheiros sobre Guerra dos Cem Anos
Joana D'Arc - A Donzela de Domremy
Quando todos os caminhos levavam a Portugal. Impacto da Guerra dos Cem anos na vida económica e política de Portugal (Séculos XIV-XV), por Ardian Muhaj, Tese do departamento de História da Faculdade de Letras de Lisboa, 2013
[Expandir]vde
Reino da Inglaterra
Portal da história Portal da guerra Portal da França Portal do Reino Unido
Categoria: Guerra dos Cem Anos
Esta página foi editada pela última vez às 18h48min de 27 de outubro de 2021.
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15
cabo o quis
é
vose ta sem ideia
16
picol,é sabor milho é muito...
MUITO BOM PERFEITO
RUIM HORRIVEL PESSIMO UMA BOSTA
17
cual era o personajem anterior da pergunta
sans.
saness
18
BOBESPAOJA FANCLUBE
AMAMOS O BOBESpaoJA
bixo FEIO DA DISGRASAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
19
tchautchau
tchau
oi
20
mentira nao acabo cual é o anime do parabains
nerd
Evangelion, muinto bon
naruto
nao sei anime é ruin
21
quien e esa
anne franki, so ki na inaginasao dela
fumante aleatoria
CAMILA LOURES
22
cite alguem mais burro que o pedro e carlos (dupla dos babaca burro)
suamaekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
bobesPAOja
nao existe
23
titi avo
BOM DIA
boa noite vaca
squid game
24
gganbu..
gganbu deez nuts old man😂😂😂 *starts playling Sorry bout that*
ownnn ki fofo (mentira)
KKKKKKKK O VEIO FOI AMASSADO
lucas neto
25
quien é essi
gabriel mais novo😂😂😂😂😂😂(mclovin)
fogell
